17. januar 2008
(19:36)
Avtor: Nika Gregorčič
Kategorija: 2. Mačke
Mačja levkoza je nalezljiva virusna bolezen mačk. Povzroča jo virus FeLV (Feline Leukemia Virus), ki prizadene imunski sistem, nekatere organske sisteme (jetra, ledvice, prebavila, timus, rodila in limfoidno tkivo) in lahko povzroči levkemijo (rak belih krvnih telesc) ter limfosarkome (rak z izvorom v limfnem tkivu).
Bolezen je zelo nalezljiva in tudi pogosta, saj lahko zbolijo mačke vseh starosti, poleg tega pa se pogosto zgodi, da virus ostane precej časa neaktiven (tudi 4 leta in več) ter se tako s pomočjo mačke, za katero ne vemo, da je okužena, uspešno širi.
Prenos in okužba
Prenaša se ob direktnem kontaktu s slino, urinom, mlekom, blatom ali krvjo okužene živali. Najpogosteje se mačke okužijo pri pretepih preko ugrizov. Do okužbe lahko pride tudi pri skupnem hranjenju (ko npr. jedo iz iste posode) in pri transfuziji krvi. Mladički se velikokrat okužijo že v maternici ali kasneje pri dojenju.
Nastanek in potek bolezni
Virus vstopi v organizem skozi usta ali ugrizno rano. Razmnožuje se v bezgavkah (ki so najbližje mestu vstopa) ter preide v kri. Nato se razmnožuje v kostnem mozgu in vranici, se vrne v kri in tam ostane. Kasneje okuži in bolezensko prizadene še ostale organe (želodec, požiralnik, žrelo, slinske žleze, mehur in dihala).
Možni so štirje različni poteki bolezni:
1. Imunost - mačka razvije imunski odgovor in zatre infekcijo. V tem primeru se v obdobju, ko se virus razmnožuje, lahko pojavijo znaki bolezni: vročina, izguba apetita, otopelost in zatečene bezgavke na vratu. Običajno trajajo med 3 do 10 dni. Imunost v povprečju razvije 40 odstotkov okuženih mačk, pogostejša pa je pri odraslih mačkah.
2. Infekcija - virus premaga mačkin imunski sistem. Ta potek je najmanj ugoden. Po okužbi se najprej pokažejo znaki bolezni (kot v prvem primeru), nato si žival običajno opomore in bolezen miruje (lahko tudi več let: po dveh letih je zdravih (še vedno pa so prenašalke) približno 50 odstotkov, po štirih letih pa še 15 odstotkov tako okuženih mačk). Na koncu večina mačk pogine zaradi bolezni povezanih s FeLV: anemije, prizadetosti imunskega sistema, raka, poškodbe ledvic, jeter ali prebavil. V tej fazi se poleg že omenjenih znakov, lahko pojavijo še: blede ali rumene sluznice, driska in bruhanje. Tak potek bolezni se razvije pri okoli 30 odstotkih okuženih mačk.
3. Prikritost - mačka je z virusom sicer okužena, vendar se simptomi ne kažejo. Do tega običajno pride, ker virus na poseben način spremeni mačkine celice tako, da vanje vstavi kopijo svojega dednega zapisa. Take celice lahko kasneje postanejo rakaste ali nenormalno delujoče. Genetske spremembe (v povprečju) ostanejo skrite dve leti in pol. V tem času mačka izgleda zdrava. Po izbruhu bolezni (kakor v prvem primeru) sta možna dva scenarija: imunost ali infekcija.
4. Imuni prenašalec - mačka postane prenašalec bolezni. V tem primeru ostane virus skrit v mačkinih površinskih celicah. Čeprav se množi, ne more iz njih zaradi protiteles živali. Simptomi se tu ne pojavijo. Tak potek je redek: zgodi se približno pri enem do dveh odstotkih okuženih mačk.
Diagnoza
Diagnozo postavimo s pomočjo hitrega testa krvi FeLV/FIV.
Zdravljenje
Bolezen ni ozdravljiva. Kadar živali zbolijo, zdravimo zgolj simptome in sekundarne bakterijske infekcije, lastnikom pa svetujemo, da okuženo mačko držijo doma in tako preprečijo širitev bolezni. Izvajamo tudi podporno zdravljenje: infuzija tekočin, ustrezna dieta (z visoko energijsko vrednostjo, vitamini, minerali in mikroelementi).
Preventiva
Najboljša zaščita proti bolezni je cepljenje proti mačji levkozi. Pred cepljenjem vzamemo kri in naredimo hitri test FeLV/FIV, da ugotovimo, ali ni mačka že slučajno okužena. Če ni, jo cepimo, sicer lastniku svetujemo, da jo zadržuje v stanovanju in s tem prepreči širitev bolezni.
Tveganje za okužbo je zelo majhno pri mucah, ki vse svoje življenje preživijo v stanovanju (in ne zahajajo ven).
V primeru, da je okužena mačka poginila, je priporočljivo pred nakupom nove muce narediti mesec dni dolg premor in stanovanje razkužiti z običajnimi dezinfekcijskimi sredstvi.
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Vsebina strani je last Nike Gregorčič (avtor) in je avtorsko zaščitena po Zakonu o avtorskih in sorodnih pravicah (ZASP - UL RS 21/95). Preberi pravila uporabe.
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25. januar 2008 ob 20:15
[...] in, ob priliki, morda tudi pobegne iz stanovanja. Preventivni učinek sterilizacije na okužbo s FeLV in FIV, ki obstaja pri klasično steriliziranih mačkah, torej tu ne pride do izraza, saj je muca s [...]
28. januar 2008 ob 14:42
[...] Zadnja možnost pa je infekcija s FeLV/FIV, vendar je ta v vašem primeru izključena (saj je bil test [...]
15. avgust 2009 ob 9:19
Pozdravljeni!
Kaj pa narediti v tem primeru?Moj muc kaže vse simptome mačje levkoze ampak sem dala naredit test in je negativen.Prosim nekoga naj mi svetuje in pomaga odkrit to bolezen.